网站导航   4000-006-150  
小站教育
2024年1-4月雅思口语题库
学生选择在小站备考:30天 522607名,今日申请190人    备考咨询 >>

【小站出品】雅思阅读机经真题解析-Optimism and Health

2016年08月23日17:28 来源:小站教育作者:小站雅思编辑
参与(1) 阅读(48539)
摘要:小站雅思名师讲堂从今天开始和大家分享一系列雅思阅读机经真题,是烤鸭在剑桥雅思之余的良好调剂品。烤鸭们可以先自己试着做一做,做完之后可以对下答案,再看看小站名师的悉心讲解。本篇阅读的标题:Optimism and Health 。

小站独家,雅思阅读机经真题解析。一切患有雅思阅读刷题强迫症的烤鸭,请看这里。小站精心整理了一批雅思阅读机经真题。如果你的剑桥雅思阅读已是烂熟于心,那么这一系列的雅思阅读机经真题真的很适合你,搭配上绝对原创的讲解,还有全文的中文翻译,这等阅读大餐,还等什么!

【小站出品】雅思阅读机经真题解析-Optimism and Health图1

Optimism and Health

Mindset (心态) is all. How you start the year will set the template for 2009, and two scientifically backed character traits hold the key: optimism and resilience (if the prospect leaves you feeling pessimistically spineless, the good news is that you can significantly boost both of these qualities).

A

Faced with 12 months of plummeting economics and rising human distress, staunchly maintaining a rosy view might seem deucedly Pollyannaish. But here we encounter the optimism paradox. As Brice Pitt, an emeritus professor of the psychiatry of old age at Imperial College, London, told me: optimists are unrealistic. Depressive people see things as they really are, but that is a disadvantage from an evolutionary point of view. Optimism is a piece of evolutionary equipment that carried us through millennia of setbacks.

BIt has been known that optimistic has something to do with the long life, and optimists have plenty to be happy about. In other words, if you can convince yourself that things will get better, the odds of it happening will improve - because you keep on playing the game. In this light, optimism "is a habitual way of explaining your setbacks to yourself', reports Martin Seligman, the psychology professor and author of Learned Optimism. The research shows that when times get tough, optimists do better than pessimists - they succeed better at work, respond better to stress, suffer fewer depressive episodes and achieve more personal goals.

CStudies also show that belief can help with the financial pinch. Chad Wallens, a social forecaster at the Henley Centre who surveyed middle-class Britons’ beliefs about income, has found that “he people who feel wealthiest, and those who feel poorest, actually have almost the same amount of money at their disposal. Their attitudes and behaviour patterns, however, are different from one another.”

DOptimists have something else to be cheerful about – in general, they are more robust. For example, a study of 660 volunteers by the Yale University psychologist Dr Becca Levy, found that thinking positively adds an average of 7 years to your life. Other American research claims to have identified a physical mechanism behind this. A Harvard Medical School study of 670 men found that the optimists have significantly better lung function. The lead author, Dr Rosalind Wright, believes that attitude somehow strengthens the immune system. "Preliminary studies on heart patients suggest that, by changing a person's outlook, you can improve their mortality risk," she says.

EFew studies have tried to ascertain the proportion of optimists in the world. But a 1995 nationwide survey conducted for the American magazine Adweek found that about half the population counted themselves as optimists, with women slightly more apt than men (53 per cent versus 48 per cent) to see the sunny side.

FAlthough some optimists may be accurate in their positive beliefs about the future, others may be unrealistic-their optimism is misplaced, according to American Psychological Association. Research shows that some smokers exhibit unrealistic optimism by underestimating their relative chances of experiencing disease. An important question is whether such unrealistic optimism is associated with risk-related attitudes and behavior. We addressed this question by investigating if one's perceived risk of developing lung cancer, over and above one's objective risk, predicted acceptance of myths and other beliefs about smoking. Hierarchical regressions showed that those individuals who were unrealistically optimistic were more likely to endorse beliefs that there is no risk of lung cancer if one only smokes for a few years and that getting lung cancer depends on one's genes.

GOf course, there is no guarantee that optimism will insulate you from the crunch's worst effects, but the best strategy is still to keep smiling and thank your lucky stars. Because (as every good sports coach knows) adversity is character-forming-so long as you practise the skills of resilience. Research among tycoons and business leaders shows that the path to success is often littered with failure: a record of sackings, bankruptcies and blistering castigations. But instead of curling into a foetal ball beneath the coffee table, they resiliency pick themselves up, learn from their pratfalls and march boldly towards the next opportunity.

HThe American Psychological Association defines resilience as the ability to adapt in the face of adversity, trauma or tragedy. A resilient person may go through difficulty and uncertainty, but he or she will doggedly bounce back.

IOptimism is one of the central traits required in building resilience, say Yale University investigators in the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. They add that resilient people learn to hold on to their sense of humour and this can help them to keep a flexible attitude when big changes of plan arc warranted. The ability to accept your lot with equanimity also plays an important role, the study adds.

JOne of the best ways to acquire resilience is through experiencing a difficult childhood, the sociologist Steven Stack reports in the Journal of Social Psychology. For example, short men are less likely to commit suicide than tall guys, he says, because shorties develop psychological defense skills to handle the bullies and mickey-taking that their lack of stature attracts. By contrast, those who enjoyed adversity-free youths can get derailed by setbacks later on because they've never been inoculated against agro.

KLearning to overcome your fears. If you are handicapped by having had a happy childhood, then practising proactive optimism can help you to become more resilient. Studies of resilient people show that they take more risks; they court failure and learn not to fear it. And despite being thick-skinned, resilient types are also more open than average to other people. Bouncing through knock backs is all part of the process. It's about optimistic risk-taking - being confident that people will like you. Simply smiling and being warm to people can help. It's an altruistic path to self-interest - and if it achieves nothing else, it will reinforce an age-old adage: hard times can bring out the best in you.


Questions 14-18

Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage.

Using no more than TWO words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

Optimists generally are more robust. Yale University psychologist Dr Becca Levy found that an extension of around 14 to your life will be achieved by positive attitude toward life. A Harvard Medical School conduct a research which study of 15 male volunteers found that the optimists have remarkably better 16 And Dr Rosalind Wright believes optimistic life may enhance the 17 some initiative studies on 18 indicate that people can improve their mortality risk by changing into a positive outlook.

Questions 19-23

Use the information in the passage to match the people or organization (listed A-E) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet.

A Brice Pitt

B American Psychological Association

C Martin Seligman

D Chad Wallens of Henley Centre

E Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

F Steven Stack

G American magazine Adweek

19 Different optimism result found according to gender.

20 There is no necessary relationship between happiness and money.

21 Excessive optimism may be incorrect in everyday life.

22 Optimists is advantageous for human evolution.

23 Occurrence of emergency assists resilient people in a positive way.

Questions 24-27

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement is true

NO if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

24 The link between longevity and optimism has been known.

25 Optimists have better personal relationship than those pessimists.

26 People who had a happy childhood do not need to practise optimism.

27 Experience of difficulties will eventually help people accumulate the fortune.

(转第二页)

特别申明:本文来自于小站教育【雅思资料】专栏,转载请以超链接形式标注本文出处,并附上此申明,否则将追究法律责任。
看完仍有疑问?想要更详细的答案?
备考问题一键咨询提分方案
获取专业解答

相关文章

【7分必看】告诉你雅思7分是什么水平 雅思7分难考吗 雅思OG听力使用指南 你有没有用错OG? 零基础学雅思要多久?12个月从0-6.5分你也可以 雅思OG怎么用?了解用法备考少走弯路

专题推荐

小站教育雅思官方群

群号:664063828

「扫二维码 加入群聊」
加入
雅思关键词
版权申明| 隐私保护| 意见反馈| 联系我们| 关于我们| 网站地图| 最新资讯
© 2011-2024 ZHAN.com All Rights Reserved. 沪ICP备13042692号-23 举报电话:4000-006-150
沪公网安备 31010602002658号
增值电信业务经营许可证:沪B2-20180682